Fig. 7

Expression levels of 16 selected DEGs related to energy metabolism and amino acid/proline metabolism. H⁺-ATPase1(A), H⁺-ATPase4(B), H⁺-ATPase9(C), PMH⁺-ATPase4(D), Ca²⁺-ATPase8-1(E), Ca²⁺-ATPase8-2(F), Ca²⁺-ATPase9(G), SDH1(H), SDH6(I), CCO5b-2(J), CCO6b-2(K), OAT(L), P5CS-1(M), P5CS-2(N), PDH3(O), and PDH-E1(P). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). Pairwise analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc test was performed to compare each CTS treatment group to the untreated control group (Control). Asterisks (*) indicate significant differences at P < 0.05.