Fig. 3

The measured and theoretically calculated charges are shown at an electric field strength of 4 kV/cm across all moving metallic and dielectric materials. a The upward-moving particles consistently possess negative charges. The theoretical charges range from an almost negligible ’overcharge’ to charges approximately ten times higher than the minimum charge compensating gravity. b Moving downward, the particles reverse their polarity except for a few minimum values. The charges fall in a similar range.