Fig. 15 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 15

From: Mitigating surface noise and attenuation in continuous monitoring of geologically stored CO2 using a borehole portable active seismic source

Fig. 15

Elastic wave propagation simulations generating shot gathers and corresponding time-lapse data, comparing different source depths for deep CO₂ monitoring. Top: survey geometry over the Marmousi model with marine, surface, and borehole sources, targeting a CO₂ plume beneath a high-attenuation (scattering) surface layer. Bottom: shot gathers (left) and time-lapse wavefields (right) for each source, illustrating signal propagation and CO2 detectability, respectively.

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