Table 4 Mean comparison effect of irrigation with Biostimulants application interaction treatments on the studied traits of sugar beet cultivar Shokofa.

From: Investigating the effect of foliar spraying of zinc nanoparticles and biostimulants on modulating the effect of water deficit stress in sugar beet by using Integrated Biomarker Response Version 2

Irrigation

Biostimulants

Chlorophyll a (mg g/ FW)

Chlorophyll b (mg g/ FW)

Carotenoid (mg g/ FW)

Relative Water Content (%)

Proline (mg g/ FW)

Beta-glycine (mg g/ FW)

Abscisic acid (ppm)

Gibberellin (ppm)

Normal

Control

3.87 ± 0.02c

2.04 ± 0.01b

1.87 ± 0.010c

66.45 ± 0.221c

0.26 ± 0.001d

87.67 ± 0.263cde

37.50 ± 0.094b

188.76 ± 0.480b

Chitosan (Ch)

4.63 ± 0.02b

2.70 ± 0.02a

2.15 ± 0.011b

73.41 ± 0.267b

0.25 ± 0.001e

89.70 ± 0.380 cd

29.8 ± 0.1556e

209.28 ± 0.600a

Proline (Pr)

5.42 ± 0.03a

2.73 ± 0.01a

2.65 ± 0.019a

81.83 ± 0.380a

0.23 ± 0.001f.

84.80 ± 0.227e

29.38 ± 0.139ef

216.01 ± 0.516a

Ch + Pr

5.46 ± 0.03a

2.66 ± 0.02a

2.22 ± 0.015b

73.52 ± 0.297b

0.25 ± 0.001e

86.37 ± 0.260de

28.65 ± 0.103f.

216.80 ± 0.628a

Water deficit

Control

2.27 ± 0.02e

1.54 ± 0.01d

1.71 ± 0.011c

57.92 ± 0.289e

0.41 ± 0.002bc

90.97 ± 0.361bc

42.09 ± 0.111a

180.07 ± 0.414c

Chitosan (Ch)

2.86 ± 0.02d

1.68 ± 0.02 cd

1.89 ± 0.013c

62.65 ± 0.260 cd

0.42 ± 0.001ab

94.37 ± 0.274b

34.15 ± 0.153c

194.56 ± 0.553b

Proline (Pr)

3.02 ± 0.03d

1.68 ± 0.02 cd

1.91 ± 0.021c

65.88 ± 0.360c

0.40 ± 0.001c

95.40 ± 0.434b

35.11 ± 0.119c

177.62 ± 0.369c

Ch + Pr

3.12 ± 0.03d

1.79 ± 0.02c

1.84 ± 0.014c

59.75 ± 0.283de

0.43 ± 0.002a

107.43 ± 0.437a

31.92 ± 0.124d

192.68 ± 0.290b

Irrigation

Biostimulants

Auxin

(ppm)

Cytokinin

(ppm)

CAT (U mg/

protein)

APX (mM mg/

protein)

MAD (μM mg/FW)

Hydrogen peroxide (μM mg/FW)

Root yield (ton/

ha)

Normal

Control

31.02 ± 0.151c

42.53 ± 0.167c

2.47 ± 0.011d

4.18 ± 0.021f.

7.27 ± 0.023c

2.82 ± 0.012d

64.89 ± 0.131b

Chitosan (Ch)

31.38 ± 0.151c

46.69 ± 0.143b

2.65 ± 0.015 cd

4.55 ± 0.023e

7.17 ± 0.020 cd

2.74 ± 0.013d

71.52 ± 0.273a

Proline (Pr)

37.63 ± 0.163ab

46.27 ± 0.150b

2.85 ± 0.014c

4.46 ± 0.022ef

6.79 ± 0.025d

2.39 ± 0.009e

69.67 ± 0.378a

Ch + Pr

38.66 ± 0.096a

50.23 ± 0.125a

2.78 ± 0.015c

4.88 ± 0.027 cd

7.00 ± 0.013 cd

2.75 ± 0.011d

71.68 ± 0.229a

Water deficit

Control

26.41 ± 0.121d

39.09 ± 0.118d

3.15 ± 0.014b

4.69 ± 0.017de

10.18 ± 0.101a

5.04 ± 0.036a

53.73 ± 0.176d

Chitosan (Ch)

27.81 ± 0.060d

43.56 ± 0.098c

3.20 ± 0.012b

5.11 ± 0.023bc

9.63 ± 0.069b

4.72 ± 0.027b

52.58 ± 0.260d

Proline (Pr)

26.89 ± 0.064d

40.03 ± 0.154d

3.28 ± 0.010ab

5.30 ± 0.019b

9.15 ± 0.071b

4.75 ± 0.037b

56.25 ± 0.209 cd

Ch + Pr

35.76 ± 0.099b

46.14 ± 0.100b

3.51 ± 0.010a

5.61 ± 0.021a

9.26 ± 0.0884b

4.46 ± 0.030c

59.89 ± 0.222c

  1. Different superscript letters in the same column indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).