Fig. 4

a). Dermal (Skin) irritation test performed in Wistar rats to ascertain the toxicity profile of the extract. Images of rat dorsal skin were taken at 2 h, 24 h, 5 days, and 14 days post-application of the test extract. No sign of irritation was observed. b). Representative images of full thickness excisional wound created using biopsy punch and photographed on days 0 3,8, and 12 post-wound creation. Treatment groups include: Control, 5% povidone-iodine ointment, and extract-treated groups (25, 50, and 100 mg/mL). c). Graph showing wound healing percentage on Days 3, 8, and 12 of the experiment. The bar graph represents data presented as mean ± SD (n = 4). Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey`s test. On Day 3, there was no difference observed. However, by Days 8 and 12, we noticed a significant reduction in wound size in the groups that received the 50 and 100 mg/mL extracts when compared to the control group. The results were statistically significant, with p-values: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 compared to the control. d). Hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections of wound tissue collected on days 7 and 12 from all the groups were visualized using an inverted microscope (magnification 20X), and photographs were captured. Histopathological changes observed are marked with different symbols, Black Arrow- inflammation, Red arrow- Blood vessels, Blue- Hair follicle, Green- Collagen, Yellow- Fibrin, Black star- Granulation tissue, NE- Newly formed Epithelium, CE- Complete Epithelium, Blue star- Scar tissue, White arrow: undifferentiated epithelium.