Fig. 5

a). Percentage cell viability of BS, ND, and SL in RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 30µM after 24 h of treatment. b&c). Effect of BS, ND, and SL on the production of IL-6 and TNF-α in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Cells were pretreated with BS, ND, and SL for 1 h and stimulated for 24 h with LPS. b). IL-6, and c). TNF-α production was determined by ELISA. The results are presented as the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. The bar graphs indicate significant differences with asterisks (**p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001) when compared to the LPS control.