Table 9 Annual performance metrics of the CNN model for predicting visibility reduction (2015–2023).
Year | RMSE | R2 | MAE | MAPE (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 0.42 | 0.62 | 0.31 | 8.20 |
2016 | 0.38 | 0.65 | 0.29 | 7.90 |
2017 | 0.4 | 0.64 | 0.30 | 8.10 |
2018 | 0.36 | 0.67 | 0.28 | 7.50 |
2019 | 0.39 | 0.63 | 0.29 | 7.80 |
2020 | 0.41 | 0.6 | 0.32 | 8.30 |
2021 | 0.37 | 0.66 | 0.27 | 7.40 |
2022 | 0.35 | 0.69 | 0.26 | 7.20 |
2023 | 0.43 | 0.61 | 0.33 | 8.50 |