Table 6 Comparative performance analysis of control parameter combinations.

From: Machine learning evaluation of PI control effects on neutral equilibrium in bridge virtual pier systems

Control group

GP

GI

Max displacement σ (A)

Max displacement σ (B)

A/B synchronization (correlation coefficient)

ML sensitivity rank

Stability classification

Overall evaluation

Group 1 (No Control)

0.0

0.000

0.282

0.287

0.798

Not Important

Outlying

Highly Oscillatory, Unstable

Group 2

0.5

0.005

0.231

0.226

0.546

Secondary

Warning

Some Stabilization Observed

Group 3

1.0

0.010

0.183

0.215

0.424

DA2,DB2

Stable

Balanced Performance in Stability and Prediction Accuracy

Group 4

2.0

0.020

0.124

0.141

0.415

Only DA3 (Highest Sensitivity)

Stable

Most Stable, but Reduced Synchronization