Table 2 Results of assessing the status of litter in the public environment in some studies.
From: A case study on litter management and clean environment index in small tourism cities
Study location | Remarks | References |
|---|---|---|
Argentina | • 20,336 litter items were counted in four areas of a coastal city. • The most common litter item was cigarette butts, which included 33% of all counted litter items. • Urban land-use had a significant impact on the composition and density of litter items. | |
Germany | • The density of littered cigarette butts was studied in Berlin. • The density of littered cigarette butts was 2.7/m2 of the studied area, while in the most polluted area 48/m2 cigarette butts were observed. • The nicotine leakage from each cigarette butt was reported by 7.3 mg/g. • Educational campaigns are essential to reduce cigarette butt disposal. | |
Spain | • The density of littered cigarette butts was studied in Madrid. • The density of littered cigarette butts was higher in shopping malls and city centers. • Places such as urban transport stations were more polluted. • GIS provided reliable results of the density of discarded cigarette butts in urban environments. | |
Japan | • Littered waste in the roadside environment of a Japanese city was studied. • The average density of littered waste was 220 items/km. • The most frequently observed litter were paper and cigarette butts, which were 90 g/month/km. • The potential for heavy metal leaching from littered waste was 0.02–1.7 mg/km/mo. | |
Iran | • Littered waste on the coast and in the urban environment was studied in Rasht, south of the Caspian Sea. • About 40% of the littered waste consisted of plastics. • The density of littered waste on the coast was higher than in the urban environment due to the lack of a regular cleaning system. • According to the CEI, 60% of the coasts and 50% of the urban environment were in a dirty status. | |
Ardakan, Iran | • The density of the littered waste was 0.309-0.953 items/m2. • The density of the littered waste was affected by seasonal changes and land-use. • Cigarette butts were the most abundant littered waste, comprising 55% of the total littered waste. • The calculated CEI at different locations ranged from 6.8 to 34.15, which was higher than other reports in other Iranian cities. | This study |
