Fig. 1 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 1

From: Primiparity, older maternal age, COVID-19 pandemic, twin birth, and winter birth are associated with lower exclusive breastfeeding in Japanese mothers

Fig. 1

Path model of the association between obstetric characteristics, pandemic-related delivery, birth season, and feeding method. Bold lines showed significant paths (All P = 0.001). Parity: primipara (as reference) vs. multipara; younger maternal age (as direction); type of delivery: vaginal (as reference) vs. cesarean delivery; type of birth, singleton (as reference) vs. twin; pandemic-related delivery: pre-pandemic (as reference) vs. during-pandemic; birth season: winter (as reference) vs. spring, summer, and autumn combined; feeding method: exclusive breastfeeding (as reference) vs. mixed and formula feedings combined.

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