Table 1 Demographic characteristics of study groups.
Healthy Control (n = 20) | Diabetic Group without complications (n = 45) | Diabetic Group with Microvascular complications (n = 24) | Diabetic Group with Macrovascular complications (n = 20) | CAD without DM (n = 19) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 47.8 ± 4.7 | 52.9 ± 9.5 | 51.8 ± 6.4 | 55.7 ± 3.4 | 51.8 ± 7.4 | 0.055 |
Gender (F/M) | 9/11 | 30/15 | 17/7 | 8/12 | 11/8 | 0.168 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 1.6 | 33.9 ± 6.1 | 35.1 ± 7.7 | 30.9 ± 3.3 | 32.6 ± 4.2 | < 0.001 |
Smoking (%) | 7 (35) | 17 (37.8) | 10 (41.6) | 8 (40) | 7 (36.8) | 0.765 |
Hypertension (%) | 0 | 22 (48.9) | 18 (75) | 15 (75) | 14 (73.7) | 0.03 |
Hyperlipidemia (%) | 0 | 19 (42.2) | 13 (54.2) | 12 (60) | 9 (47.4) | 0.056 |
Treatment (%) | ||||||
Calcium channel blockers | 0 | 5 (11.1) | 3 (12.5) | 5 (25) | 2 (10.5) | 0.015 |
ACE inhibitors | 0 | 3 (6.7) | 5 (20.8) | 8 (40) | 7 (36.8) | 0.028 |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 0 | 15 (33.3) | 13 (54.2) | 9 (45) | 5 (26.3) | 0.108 |
Diuretics | 0 | 15 (33.3) | 11 (45.8) | 10 (50) | 5 (26.3) | 0.262 |
Beta blockers | 0 | 6 (13.3) | 3 (12.5) | 12 (60) | 14 (73.7) | < 0.001 |
ASA | 0 | 10 (22.2) | 9 (37.5) | 18 (90) | 16 (84.2) | < 0.001 |
Insulin | 0 | 19 (42.2) | 15 (62.5) | 15 (75) | 0 | < 0.001 |
Metformin | 0 | 35 (77.7) | 23 (95.8) | 16 (80) | 0 | < 0.001 |
DPP-4 inhibitors | 0 | 15 (33.3) | 13 (54.2) | 8 (40) | 0 | < 0.001 |
Statins | 0 | 19 (42.2) | 12 (50) | 16 (80) | 15 (78.9) | < 0.001 |
Fibrate | 0 | 1 (2.2) | 1 (4.2) | 3 (15) | 4 (21) | 0.012 |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 111 ± 19 | 136 ± 17 | 140 ± 18 | 145 ± 22 | 140 ± 17 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 72 ± 6 | 80 ± 9 | 78 ± 8 | 79 ± 16 | 84 ± 13 | < 0.001 |
