Table 2 Laboratory findings and CIMT values of study groups.

From: Serum adropin and miR-21 expression as predictors of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus and vascular complications

 

Healthy Control (n = 20)

Diabetic Group without complications

(n = 45)

Diabetic Group with Microvascular complications (n = 24)

Diabetic Group with Macrovascular complications (n = 20)

CAD without DM

(n = 19)

Fasting Blood Glucose (mg/dL)

89 ± 7

163 ± 72 a***

164 ± 73 a***

164 ± 49 a***

96 ± 6 b***, c***, d***

HbA1c (%)

5.6 ± 0.4

7.6 ± 1.9 a***

7.8 ± 1.5 a***

7.5 ± 1.2 a***

5.6 ± 0.4 b***, c***, d***

HOMA-IR

2.3 ± 0.8

6.5 ± 5.9

6.4 ± 4.6

5.3 ± 3.3

13.8 ± 36.3

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

172 ± 15

205 ± 42 a*

186 ± 46 a*

177 ± 38 b*

194 ± 33 a*

HDL (mg/dL)

52 ± 13

48 ± 14

49 ± 13

44 ± 11

47 ± 10

LDL (mg/dL)

107 ± 17

121 ± 39

105 ± 35

101 ± 31

113 ± 31

Triglyceride (mg/dL)+

81 (65–98)

193 (140–245) a***

134 (90–180) a***, b**

172 (120–210) a***, b*,c*

153 (110–195) a***, b*

Creatinine (mg/dl)

0.9 ± 0.1

0.9 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 1.1

0.9 ± 0.3

1 ± 0.1

Creatinine clearance (mL/min)

132 ± 22

129 ± 34

126 ± 45

106 ± 32 a*,b*,c*

108 ± 19 a*,b*

Albumin/creatinine ratio+

4 (3–5)

14 (8–30)

242 (50–400)

418 (200–700)

5 (4–6)

CRP (mg/L) +

0.9 (0.6–1.2)

6 (3–12)

9.6 (4–15)

2.9 (2.0–4.0)

2.6 (1.8–3.5)

Adropin (ng/L) +

180 ± 39

95 ± 27 a***

85 ± 18 a***

75 ± 15 a***, b*

53 ± 8 a***, b***, c***

miR-21+

15 ± 10

54 ± 13 a***

74 ± 21 a***, b***

105 ± 23 a***, b***, c***

165 ± 22 a***, b***, c***, d***

CIMT (mm)

0.61 ± 0.11

0.95 ± 0.21

1.01 ± 0.26

1 ± 0.2

1.08 ± 0.22

  1. Abbreviations: CIMT = Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; CAD = Coronary Artery Disease; CRP = C-Reactive Protein; HbA₁c = Hemoglobin A₁c.
  2. Statistical tests: Normality was assessed by the Shapiro–Wilk test. Continuous variables with a normal distribution were compared by one-way ANOVA (with Bonferroni-adjusted Tukey post-hoc tests); non-normally distributed variables were compared by the Kruskal–Wallis test and are indicated by an asterisk (+). Categorical variables were compared by the χ² test. A two-tailed p < 0.05 was considered significant.
  3. a: vs. Healthy Control, b: vs. Diabetic Group without complications, c: vs. Diabetic Group with Microvascular complications, d: vs. Diabetic Group with Macrovascular complications, *:p < 0.05, **:p < 0.01, ***:p < 0.001.
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