Fig. 1

Relationship between refractive error and axial length for different iol calculation formulas. This figure illustrates the relationship between refractive error (in diopters) and axial length (in millimeters) for four different intraocular lens (IOL) calculation formulas: SRK/T, Barrett Universal II, Hill-RBF, and Kane. Each subplot represents one of the formulas and shows the spread of refractive errors across various axial lengths. The SRK/T formula demonstrates a wide spread of refractive errors, indicating higher variability and less predictability. The Barrett Universal II formula displays a tighter clustering of refractive errors, suggesting improved accuracy compared to SRK/T. The Hill-RBF and Kane formula exhibits minimal refractive errors, especially for longer axial lengths, indicating superior performance. Also, Hill-RBF and Kane formula shows the least spread of refractive errors, highlighting its high accuracy and precision in predicting postoperative refractive outcomes. Table 1 Patient characteristics.