Fig. 3

Promotion of B. dorei growth by xylan-degrading activity of S. thermophilus. (A) Growth of B. dorei and S. thermophilus in mono- and co-culture. Significant differences between mono- and co-culture are indicated by asterisks at the 95% (*) and 99% (**) significance levels using Student’s t-test. (B) Growth of B. dorei with treatment of the culture supernatant of S. thermophilus. Significant differences are indicated by asterisks at the 95% (*), 99% (**), and 99.9% (***) significance levels using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc analysis. (C and D) Production of reducing sugars from carbohydrates by extracellular (C) and intracellular (D) fractions of S. thermophilus. Significant differences are indicated by asterisks at the 95% (*), 99% (**), 99.9% (***), and 99.99% (****) significance levels using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc analysis for each carbohydrate source. (E) Growth of B. dorei with treatment of the xylose. Significant differences are indicated by asterisks at the 99% (**) and 99.9% (***) significance levels using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc analysis. (F) Number of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the S. thermophilus IDCC 2201 genome. GH, glycoside hydrolase; GT, glycosyltransferase; CE, carbohydrate esterase; and CBM, carbohydrates-binding module.