Fig. 1

Experimental design, microbial mean relative abundance in swine intestines and diversity of intestinal microbiota in pigs at different stages. (a) Experimental design and sampling time points. (b) Mean relative abundances at the genus level of taxonomy in pigs at specific stages (S0: sow stage following delivery; O1, O2, O3, and O4: piglets at days 5, 35, 80, and 145 following birth). (c) α-diversity indices (Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson) at various stages. Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Wilcoxon rank-sum test, was used for statistical analysis of α-diversity. (d) Bray-Curtis dissimilarity based microbial β-diversity. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot of Bray-Curtis index comparing microbial communities at the five swine stages. ****P < 0.0001; ***P < 0.001.