Table 1 Baseline characteristics of enrolled NHIS health screening cohort patients.

From: Metabolic and alcohol-related steatotic liver disease and gastrointestinal cancer risk in diabetes

Characteristics

No Steatosis

(Group 1)

MASLD

(Group 2)

MetALD

(Group 3)

ALD

(Group 4)

P value

(n = 834,111)

(n = 1,120,221)

(n = 127,312)

(n = 93,741)

Age at

enrollment,

y a

61.8

(11.8)

58.1

(12.1)

52.9

(10.3)

55.7

(10.4)

< 0.0001

 < 40

28,676

(3.4)

69,981

(6.3)

11,290

(8.9)

5,116

(5.5)

< 0.0001

 40–64

459,333

(55.1)

711,595

(63.5)

100,450

(78.9)

70,944

(75.7)

 

 ≥ 65

346,102

(41.5)

338,645

(30.2)

15,572

(12.2)

17,681

(18.9)

 

Sex (male)

394,254

(47.3)

720,503

(64.3)

119,923

(94.2)

83,989

(89.6)

< 0.0001

BMI, mean

(SD),

kg/m2

22.8

(2.3)

27.0

(3.3)

26.4

(3.2)

26.4

(3.4)

< 0.0001

Waist

circumference,

cm a

79.5

(6.4)

90.4

(7.7)

90.0

(7.8)

90.3

(8.1)

< 0.0001

Smoking

< 0.0001

 Non

553,191

(66.3)

583,563

(52.1)

23,119

(18.2)

24,495

(26.1)

 

 Former

146,947

(17.6)

262,983

(23.5)

43,138

(33.9)

28,981

(30.9)

 

 Current

133,973

(16.1)

273,675

(24.4)

61,055

(48.0)

40,265

(43.0)

 

Regular

exercise b

200,123

(24.0)

222,870

(19.9)

25,989

(20.4)

19,324

(20.6)

< 0.0001

CCI

Score, ≥5

162,113

(19.4)

173,614

(15.5)

10,152

(8.0)

20,497

(21.9)

< 0.0001

Income,

Lowest Q1

185,156

(22.2)

237,849

(21.2)

23,185

(18.2)

21,140

(22.6)

< 0.0001

SBP,

mmHg a

125.7

(15.0)

130.1

(14.8)

131.8

(14.8)

130.7

(14.9)

< 0.0001

DBP,

mmHg a

75.6

(9.5)

79.5

(9.8)

82.1

(10.2)

80.8

(10.1)

< 0.0001

DM duration

< 0.0001

 New onset

202,110

(24.2)

372,376

(33.2)

60,489

(47.5)

28,701

(30.6)

 

 < 5 years

197,471

(23.7)

320,615

(28.6)

32,262

(25.3)

29,426

(31.4)

 

 < 10 years

171,170

(20.5)

208,282

(18.6)

18,749

(14.7)

18,836

(20.1)

 

 ≥ 10 years

263,360

(31.6)

218,948

(19.6)

15,812

(12.4)

16,778

(17.9)

 

Fasting

glucose,

mg/dL a

139.2

(44.6)

148.5

(46.5)

154.8

(46.1)

151.2

(47.9)

< 0.0001

Medication

for DM

632,001

(75.8)

747,845

(66.8)

66,823

(52.5)

65,040

(69.4)

< 0.0001

 OHA,

≥ 3yrs

196,565

(23.6)

254,400

(22.7)

21,331

(16.8)

23,305

(24.9)

< 0.0001

 Metformin

568,277

(68.1)

679,768

(60.7)

61,806

(48.6)

59,766

(63.8)

< 0.0001

 Sulfonylurea

289,342

(34.7)

370,460

(33.1)

31,968

(25.1)

32,984

(35.2)

< 0.0001

 Thiazolidinedione

67,719

(8.1)

78,018

(7.0)

6,883

(5.4)

7,204

(7.7)

< 0.0001

 DPP-4

inhibitor

353,239

(42.4)

429,610 (38.4)

37,377

(29.4)

38,050

(40.6)

< 0.0001

 Meglitinide

5223

(0.6)

4281

(0.4)

224

(0.2)

351

(0.4)

< 0.0001

 SGLT-2

inhibitor

17,844

(2.1)

32,543

(2.9)

2,765

(2.2)

2,784

(3.0)

< 0.0001

 GLP-1 RA

217

(0.0)

564

(0.1)

28

(0.0)

38

(0.0)

< 0.0001

 Insulin

75,878

(9.1)

77,529

(6.9)

4,443

(3.5)

6,912

(7.4)

< 0.0001

CKD

84,375

(10.1)

111,944

(10.0)

4,788

(3.8)

5,606

(6.0)

< 0.0001

eGFR,

mL/min/

1.73m2 a

88.8

(49.1)

89.0

(54.9)

96.0

(63.5)

93.8

(54.5)

< 0.0001

Total

Cholesterol,

mg/dLa

177.0

(40.7)

192.2

(44.8)

198.7

(44.1)

188.1

(44.6)

< 0.0001

Triglyceride,

mg/dL c

96

(72–128)

169

(123–237)

192

(134–283)

179

(125–265)

< 0.0001

HDL-C,

mg/dL a

54.2

(15.3)

48.5

(13.6)

52.4

(16.1)

51.4

(15.8)

< 0.0001

LDL-C,

mg/dL a

101.7

(36.5)

106.2

(39.8)

104.4

(39.9)

97.1

(39.8)

< 0.0001

AST,

IU/L c)

22

(18–27)

26

(21–36)

29

(23–40)

31

(23–46)

< 0.0001

ALT,

IU/L c)

19

(15–26)

29

(21–44)

31

(22–46)

32

(22–49)

< 0.0001

r-GTP,

IU/L c)

20

(15–28)

41

(27–67)

77

(49–130)

78

(45–149)

< 0.0001

  1. Unless otherwise noted, presented values are No. (%).
  2. ALD, alcoholic liver disease; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CCI, Charlson comorbidity score; DM, diabetes mellitus; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1 RA, glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist; γ –GTP, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MetALD, MASLD with heavy alcohol intake; NHIS, national health insurance service; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SGLT-2, sodium glucose co-transporter 2; TG, triglyceride.
  3. a Age at enrollment, BMI, waist circumference, SBP, DBP, fasting glucose, eGFR, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C are depicted as mean (standard deviation).
  4. b Regular exercise is defined as vigorous exercise over 3 days per week or moderate-intensity engagement of physical activity over 5 days per week.
  5. c Triglyceride and liver function tests are depicted as median (interquartile range).
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