Fig. 10

Variation of temperature profiles with key parameters: (a) heat source/sink parameter, (b) thermal radiation parameter, (c) Biot number, (d) mixed convection parameter, (e) inclination angle, and (f) nanoparticle concentration. Heat source/sink and radiation enhance the fluid temperature, while higher Biot number increases surface heat resistance. Inclination angle raises thermal energy due to gravity effects, whereas higher nanoparticle loading improves heat dissipation, lowering the temperature.