Fig. 15 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 15

From: AI-powered prediction of hybrid nanofluid dynamics over a cylinder via LM optimized neural network approach

Fig. 15The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

ANN training and validation performance for heterogeneous reaction parameter: (a) mean squared error evolution, (b) training state, (c) error histogram, (d) function fit, and (e) regression analysis. The ANN demonstrates strong convergence behavior and high accuracy, with R-values close to unity across all datasets.

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