Table 2 Statistical results of the developed BES algorithm vs. the various comparable algorithms.
Function | Algorithm | Best | Worst | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 (Unimodal) | DBES | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BOA53 | 1.82 × 10¹ | 3.65 × 10¹ | 1.825 × 10¹ | 9.32 × 10¹ | |
BBO54 | 1.69 × 10¹ | 3.40 × 10¹ | 1.694 × 10¹ | 9.12 × 10¹ | |
BH55 | 1.51 × 10¹ | 3.02 × 10¹ | 1.513 × 10¹ | 9.10 × 10¹ | |
EPO56 | 1.41 × 10¹ | 2.83 × 10¹ | 1.415 × 10¹ | 9.01 × 10¹ | |
F2 (Unimodal) | DBES | 1.01 × 10¹ | 3.35 × 10¹ | 1.014 × 10¹ | 1.167 × 10¹ |
BOA53 | 9.23 × 10¹ | 2.65 × 10² | 9.23 × 10¹ | 7.21 × 10² | |
BBO54 | 9.41 × 10¹ | 2.78 × 10² | 9.41 × 10¹ | 8.23 × 10² | |
BH55 | 8.28 × 10¹ | 2.45 × 10² | 8.28 × 10¹ | 7.34 × 10² | |
EPO56 | 7.63 × 10¹ | 2.10 × 10² | 7.63 × 10¹ | 6.13 × 10² | |
F3 (Multimodal) | DBES | 9.14 | 2.58 × 10¹ | 9.14 | 8.43 |
BOA53 | 8.81 | 2.45 × 10¹ | 8.81 | 7.49 | |
BBO54 | 8.52 | 2.38 × 10¹ | 8.52 | 7.12 | |
BH55 | 8.48 | 2.35 × 10¹ | 8.48 | 7.01 | |
EPO56 | 7.35 | 2.05 × 10¹ | 7.35 | 6.92 | |
F4 (Multimodal) | DBES | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BOA53 | 2.18 × 10⁻¹ | 6.50 × 10⁻¹ | 2.18 × 10⁻¹ | 2.15 × 10⁻¹ | |
BBO54 | 2.35 × 10⁻¹ | 6.80 × 10⁻¹ | 2.35 × 10⁻¹ | 2.82 × 10⁻¹ | |
BH55 | 3.18 × 10⁻¹ | 8.90 × 10⁻¹ | 3.18 × 10⁻¹ | 3.56 × 10⁻¹ | |
EPO56 | 4.18 × 10⁻¹ | 1.12 × 10⁰ | 4.18 × 10⁻¹ | 4.94 × 10⁻¹ | |
F5 (Fixed-dimension) | DBES | 3.82 | 9.95 | 3.82 | 3.36 |
BOA53 | 2.10 × 10⁻¹ | 9.50 × 10⁻¹ | 2.10 × 10⁻¹ | 3.26 × 10² | |
BBO54 | 6.16 × 10¹ | 2.10 × 10² | 6.16 × 10¹ | 8.66 × 10¹ | |
BH55 | 8.93 × 10¹ | 2.50 × 10² | 8.93 × 10¹ | 1.072 × 10² | |
EPO56 | 9.64 × 10¹ | 2.65 × 10² | 9.64 × 10¹ | 1.153 × 10² | |
F6 (Fixed-dimension) | DBES | 5.35 × 10⁻² | 1.80 × 10⁻¹ | 5.35 × 10⁻² | 6.19 × 10⁻² |
BOA53 | 6.14 × 10⁻¹ | 2.20 × 10⁰ | 6.14 × 10⁻¹ | 7.34 × 10⁻¹ | |
BBO54 | 5.62 × 10⁻¹ | 2.05 × 10⁰ | 5.62 × 10⁻¹ | 7.95 × 10⁻¹ | |
BH55 | 5.92 × 10⁻¹ | 2.15 × 10⁰ | 5.92 × 10⁻¹ | 8.24 × 10⁻¹ | |
EPO56 | 6.35 × 10⁻¹ | 2.30 × 10⁰ | 6.35 × 10⁻¹ | 9.91 × 10⁻¹ | |
F7 (Fixed-dimension) | DBES | 7.24 × 10⁻² | 2.50 × 10⁻¹ | 7.24 × 10⁻² | 9.33 × 10⁻² |
BOA53 | 4.56 × 10⁻¹ | 1.50 × 10⁰ | 4.56 × 10⁻¹ | 5.18 × 10⁻¹ | |
BBO54 | 4.69 × 10⁻¹ | 1.60 × 10⁰ | 4.69 × 10⁻¹ | 5.85 × 10⁻¹ | |
BH55 | 4.99 × 10⁻¹ | 1.70 × 10⁰ | 4.99 × 10⁻¹ | 6.14 × 10⁻¹ | |
EPO56 | 5.28 × 10⁻¹ | 1.80 × 10⁰ | 5.28 × 10⁻¹ | 6.27 × 10⁻¹ | |
F8 (Fixed-dimension) | DBES | 5.13 × 10¹ | 1.10 × 10² | 5.13 × 10¹ | 3.46 × 10¹ |
BOA53 | 4.13 × 10¹ | 9.50 × 10¹ | 4.13 × 10¹ | 3.13 × 10¹ | |
BBO54 | 3.54 × 10¹ | 8.80 × 10¹ | 3.54 × 10¹ | 2.89 × 10¹ | |
BH55 | 3.19 × 10¹ | 8.00 × 10¹ | 3.19 × 10¹ | 2.44 × 10¹ | |
EPO56 | 2.61 × 10¹ | 6.50 × 10¹ | 2.61 × 10¹ | 1.35 × 10¹ | |
F9 (Fixed-dimension) | DBES | 5.35 × 10¹ | 1.40 × 10² | 5.35 × 10¹ | 4.83 × 10¹ |
BOA53 | 5.19 × 10² | 1.30 × 10³ | 5.19 × 10² | 4.32 × 10² | |
BBO54 | 4.31 × 10² | 1.15 × 10³ | 4.31 × 10² | 3.66 × 10² | |
BH55 | 3.89 × 10² | 1.05 × 10³ | 3.89 × 10² | 3.55 × 10² | |
EPO56 | 3.04 × 10² | 8.50 × 10² | 3.04 × 10² | 2.25 × 10² | |
F10 (Fixed-dimension) | DBES | 2.19 × 10² | 6.30 × 10² | 2.19 × 10² | 2.10 × 10² |
BOA53 | 1.58 × 10² | 4.15 × 10³ | 1.58 × 10² | 1.39 × 10² | |
BBO54 | 1.24 × 10² | 3.50 × 10³ | 1.24 × 10² | 1.15 × 10² | |
BH55 | 1.04 × 10² | 3.00 × 10³ | 1.04 × 10² | 1.00 × 10² | |
EPO56 | 9.80 × 10¹ | 1.89 × 10³ | 9.80 × 10¹ | 4.50 × 10¹ |