Fig. 5

Results for LGBM, VGG16, L-F, IM-F, and D-F. (A) Borderline precision for LGBM, VGG16, L-F, IM-F, and D-F. (B) Borderline recall for LGBM, VGG16, L-F, IM-F, and D-F. (C) Malignant precision for LGBM, VGG16, L-F, IM-F, and D-F. (D) Malignant recall for LGBM, VGG16, L-F, IM-F, and D-F. (E) Accuracy for LGBM, VGG16, L-F, IM-F, and D-F. (F) Recall ratio for LGBM, VGG16, L-F, IM-F, and D-F. (G) Evaluation metrics for each ML, DL, and fusion model. LGBM, Light Gradient Boosting Machine; VGG16, Visual Geometry Group 16-layer network; DL, deep learning; ML, machine learning; L-F, late fusion; IM-F, intermediate fusion; D-F, Dense Fusion.