Fig. 10

Ti dissolution behavior of a tibial implant: simulation results through horizontal cross-sectional analysis. Simulation results showing titanium dissolution from tibial implants at horizontal slices (S5 to S8) in Hartmann’s solution over 7 days. Panels (a) to (d) represent dissolution behavior at each slice, where the 3D schematic on the left indicates the corresponding slicing location. For each slice, (1) shows the monitoring points (Pt. 1 to Pt. 4), and (2)–(4) illustrate the distribution of dissolved Ti ions after 2, 4, and 7 days, respectively. Panels (e) to (h) display the Ti ion concentration trends at the four monitoring points for slices S5 to S8. The color gradient indicates the concentration of dissolved titanium ions (in µg/L).