Fig. 1

Study site location and pilot plot design schematic. (a) Map showing the location of the experimental field site in Dongducheon-si, Gyeonggi Province, Republic of Korea (coordinates: 37.9034°N, 127.0605°E). (b) Cross-sectional diagrams of the three test plots (Testbed A, Control, Testbed B), each measuring 3 m × 3 m × 1 m, illustrating distribution of the stabilization layer (top 0.3 m, 5% WOS mixed) and underlying contaminated soil (0.7 m). Electrode positions and plot boundaries are indicated. (c) Field photograph showing the surface layout and physical boundaries of the test plots during initial setup. The map was created using QGIS version 3.43.3 (a free and open-source geographic information system, available at https://qgis.org). The basemap was sourced from OpenStreetMap (© OpenStreetMap contributors) via the QuickMapServices plugin. OpenStreetMap is open data, licensed under the Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL) by the OpenStreetMap Foundation (OSMF).