Fig. 2 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 2

From: Integrated geochemical and geophysical assessment for monitoring soil stabilization with waste oyster shells

Fig. 2

Physical appearance and physicochemical characterization of the WOS stabilizing agent. (a) Photographs of WOS-P and WOS-G used for stabilization treatments. (b) FT-IR spectra identifying functional groups such as hydroxyl (-OH), organic matrix C–H, bicarbonate (HCO₃-), and carbonate minerals (notably calcite). (c) X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showing that calcite (CaCO₃) is the dominant crystalline phase. (d) X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis indicating that Ca (32.7%), O (47.0%), and C (13.1%) constitute the majority of the elemental composition of the WOS.

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