Table 2 Characteristics of patients in the training and validation cohorts.

From: Radiomics-enhanced modelling approach for predicting the need for ECMO in ARDS patients: a retrospective cohort study

 

Training

Validation

Training

Validation

Non-ECMO (n = 126)

ECMO (n = 46)

Non-ECMO (n = 90)

ECMO (n = 113)

Full cohort (n = 172)

Full cohort (n = 203)

General information

 Age [years]

68.40 (9.53)

60.30 (8.70)**

60.83 (12.24)

55.40 (9.37)**

66.23 (9.96)

57.81 (11.05)**

 Female Sex, n (%)

34 (27)

9 (20)

28 (31)

32 (28)

43 (25.0)

60 (29.6)

 Weight [kg]

90.27 (20.75)

97.72 (20.59)*

94.46 (19.37)

98.47 (24.20)

92.26 (20.91)

96.69 (22.23)*

 Body mass index [kg/m²]

29.51 (5.80)

32.35 (8.09)*

31.41 (6.16)

31.89 (7.14)

30.27 (6.58)

31.68 (6.71)*

 Days in ICU

14.46 (9.78)

17.72 (11.28)

13.80 (8.64)

28.12 (19.01)**

15.33 (10.27)

21.77 (16.85)**

 Mortality, n (%)

70 (55.6)

32 (69.6)

41 (45.6)

77 (68.1)*

102 (59.3)

118 (58.1)

Laboratory parameters

 C-reactive protein [mg/L]

158.4 (99.8)

218.5 (94.8)**

155.9 (109.9)

186.9 (116.1)

174.5 (101.8)

173.1 (114.1)

 Blood lactate [mmol/L]

1.32 (0.77)

1.94 (1.71)*

1.72 (1.65)

1.74 (1.03)

1.48 (1.13)

1.73 (1.34)*

 pH

7.38 (0.09)

7.39 (0.11)

7.35 (0.09)

7.38 (0.09)*

7.38 (0.10)

7.37 (0.09)

Course of disease

 CCI

4.33 (2.45)

2.54 (1.71)**

2.50 (1.97)

1.51 (1.20)**

3.85 (2.40)

1.95 (1.63)**

 Hypertension, n (%)

94 (75)

26 (57)*

59 (66)

64 (57)

120 (69.8)

123 (60.6)

 Diabetes, n (%)

59 (47)

14 (30)

28 (31)

27 (24)

73 (42.4)

55 (27.1)*

 COPD, n (%)

9 (7)

3 (7)

2 (2)

2 (2)

12 (6.9)

4 (1.9)*

 Pulmonary embolism, n (%)

38 (30)

19 (41)

44 (49)

74 (65)*

57 (33.1)

118 (58.1)**

 ARDS mild, n (%)

14 (11)

1 (2)

5 (6)

13 (12)

15 (8.7)

18 (8.8)

 ARDS moderate, n (%)

57 (45)

22 (48)

37 (41)

45 (40)

79 (45.9)

82 (40.4)

 ARDS severe, n (%)

55 (44)

23 (5)

48 (53)

55 (49)

78 (45.3)

103 (50.7)

Respiratory parameters

 Days of ventilation

14.93 (9.71)

21.67 (11.34)**

14.26 (9.47)

31.97 (19.16)**

16.74 (10.57)

24.12 (17.91)**

 Horovitz quotient [mmHg]

126.00 (59.71)

106.88 (40.74)

110.67 (49.78)

123.83 (66.71)

120.89 (55.81)

117.99 (60.02)

 Driving pressure [cmH2O]

18.52 (2.91)

20.59 (3.10)*

19.94 (4.03)

21.60 (3.27)*

19.08 (3.91)

20.87 (3.71)**

 Mean airway pressure [cmH2O]

12.63 (2.91)

14.00 (2.16)*

13.76 (2.83)

14.56 (2.40)*

13.00 (2.79)

14.20 (2.63)**

  1. Patient characteristics at ICU admission. The first and second columns compare the characteristics at admission of patients who never required ECMO with those who did during their further clinical course, stratified by training and validation cohorts. The third column compares training and validation without distinguishing the need for ECMO. Statistically significant differences refer to comparisons within each column and are indicated by bold text and asterisks (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.001). The Mann‒Whitney U test was used for independent metric samples, and the chi‒square test was used for nominal values. Days of ventilation and mortality are linked to the entire course of illness, not just to ICU admission. Unless otherwise stated, values are presented as the means (standard deviations). ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; CCI: Charlson comorbidity index; COPD: chronic obstructive lung disease; Days in the ICU: total days in the ICU; Horovitz: paO2/FiO2; ICU: intensive care unit; n.a.: data unavailable for non-ECMO patients; paO2: arterial partial pressure of oxygen; FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen.
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