Table 5 Non-parametric test results across predictors and dimensions of perceived difficulty in daily activities. Includes statistical test used, test statistic, p-value, and effect size estimates (η², r).

Predictor Variable	Dimension	Test	Statistic	Z	p-value	η²	r
Gender	Home Care	Mann-Whitney	5749	2.091	0.036	0.022	0.148
	Technology Use		5782.5	2.188	0.028	0.024	0.155
	Hobbies		5704.5	1.988	0.046	0.02	0.141
Education Level	Home Care	Kruskal-Wallis	13.796		0.032	0.04
	Mobility		28.348		< 0.001	0.115
	Technology Use		53.167		< 0.001	0.243
	Hobbies		119.808		< 0.001	0.587
	Healthcare		55.17		< 0.001	0.253
	Others		32.442		< 0.001	0.136
Personal Income	Personal care	Kruskal-Wallis	23.804		0.004	0.085
	Home Care		21.222		0.0117	0.07
	Mobility		42.966		< 0.001	0.195
	Technology Use		71.422		< 0.001	0.359
	Hobbies		96.536		< 0.001	0.503
	Healthcare		69.34		< 0.001	0.347
	Others		54.977		< 0.001	0.264
Group Participation	Home Care	Mann-Whitney	5382.5	2,698	0.007	0.038	0.194
	Mobility		5785.5	3,805	< 0.001	0.075	0.273
	Technology Use		5372.5	2,69	0.0071	0.037	0.193
	Hobbies		6091	4,598	< 0.001	0.11	0.33
	Healthcare		5241	2,335	0.019	0.028	0.168
	Others		5436.5	2,852	0.0043	0.042	0.205
Health Perception	Personal care	Kruskal-Wallis	8.719		0.033	0.029
	Home Care		18.258		< 0.001	0.078
	Mobility		26.968		< 0.001	0.122
	Technology Use		38.847		< 0.001	0.183
	Hobbies		47.45		< 0.001	0.227
	Healthcare		24.419		< 0.001	0.109
	Others		30.989		< 0.001	0.143

Statistically significant differences were observed across several predictors and perceived difficulty dimensions. In terms of gender, men reported greater difficulty in home care (Z = 2.091, p = 0.037, η² = 0.022), technology use (Z = 2.188, p = 0.029, η² = 0.024), and leisure activities (Z = 1.988, p = 0.047, η² = 0.020), all with small effect sizes.

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