Table 12 Heterogeneity analysis results of four major economic regions.

From: Spatial spillover effect and heterogeneity of digital economy on agricultural carbon emissions

Variable

Eastern region

Northeast region

Central region

Western region

DIG

− 0.064 (0.347)

4.063*** (1.353)

2.205*** (0.685)

− 0.910** (0.393)

FSA

− 0.066*** (0.018)

5.673*** (1.235)

− 0.950 (0.651)

− 0.214 (0.245)

PS

− 0.142 (0.261)

− 2.326*** (0.761)

0.091 (0.339)

− 0.575 (0.371)

LNGDP

0.611*** (0.190)

1.758** (0.821)

− 0.039 (0.070)

0.423** (0.178)

UR

1.816** (0.773)

11.756*** (3.119)

21.832*** (3.618)

− 1.990 (1.952)

ISU

1.166* (0.696)

0.012 (0.349)

2.441** (1.058)

3.336*** (0.842)

AIS

− 0.100 (0.061)

0.187 (0.119)

− 0.762*** (0.250)

− 0.687*** (0.187)

W×DIG

− 1.332 (1.204)

8.680*** (2.653)

3.211 (2.030)

− 2.504 (2.778)

W×FSA

− 0.215*** (0.043)

9.214*** (2.570)

− 3.351* (2.028)

− 0.342 (1.195)

W×PS

− 0.599 (0.857)

− 3.480* (1.980)

0.590 (1.326)

3.153* (1.875)

W×LNGDP

1.499* (0.909)

3.399*** (1.297)

− 0.412 (0.327)

− 0.718 (0.924)

W×UR

0.400 (2.997)

19.176*** (5.004)

59.568*** (11.377)

6.216 (9.387)

W×ISU

− 0.128 (2.449)

− 0.678 (0.739)

14.505*** (3.399)

12.642*** (3.620)

W×AIS

− 0.011 (0.184)

0.646*** (0.233)

− 3.736*** (0.788)

− 3.075*** (0.717)

Rho/Lambda

− 0.569*** (0.193)

− 0.298 (0.186)

− 0.794*** (0.276)

− 0.302 (0.280)

τt

YES

YES

YES

YES

δi

YES

YES

YES

YES

Log-likelihood

195.231

124.683

200.392

219.545

Observations

110

33

66

121

  1. “*”, “**”, and “***” respectively indicate significant levels at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, standard error in brackets.
  2. The eastern region includes Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, Guangdong and Hainan. The central region includes Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei and Hunan. The western region includes Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang. The northeastern region includes Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang.