Table 13 Spatial effect decomposition results.

From: Spatial spillover effect and heterogeneity of digital economy on agricultural carbon emissions

Effect type

Variable

Eastern region

Northeast region

Central region

Western region

Coefficient

Standard error

Coefficient

Standard error

Coefficient

Standard error

Coefficient

Standard error

Direct effect

DIG

− 0.057

0.280

3.112**

1.421

2.054***

0.537

− 0.838**

0.384

Spillover effect

DIG

− 0.946

0.761

7.082***

2.690

1.070

1.227

− 1.894

2.302

Total effect

DIG

− 0.888

1.011

10.194**

4.054

3.124*

1.671

− 2.732

2.475

  1. “*”, “**”, and “***” respectively indicate significant levels at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels.
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