Fig. 3

Phase reconstruction of gold nanoparticles. (a)-(b) Axial TEM image and corresponding power spectrum calculated from the image amplitude. The total fluence is the same as that used for the eFP dataset. In (b), an aperture defined by the axial resolution limit (0.081 nm, where information transfer falls below 10%) is overlaid. (c)-(e) Phase of the reconstructed exit wave and its power spectrum. (d) Enlarged region of (c). In (e), the power spectrum is overlaid with a synthetic aperture using the same 10% information transfer limit and including only spatial frequencies with ≥ 2 independent measurements. (f) Circularly averaged power spectra from (b) (black) and (e) (red), respectively. Vertical dashed lines indicate the axial resolution limit in (b) and the synthetic aperture limit in (e). The phase scale bar in (c) is in radians. The intensity of all power spectra is weighted as a power of 0.2 for visualisation of high frequency information and normalized to the strongest reflection at 0.210 nm. For display, phase images in (c) and (d) are gaussian filtered with standard deviation of 4. The tilt magnitude was 12.3 mrad.