Table 1 Regression results, including coefficients and p-values for various predictors, based on a models developed on data from 2011 to 2024.

From: The impact of precipitation on ANC service utilisation and healthcare access in Malawi

Variable (unit)

\(M_0\)

p-value

\(M_1\)

p-value

Year

0.0021

0.0000*

0.0021

0.0000*

Month

0.0047

0.0317*

0.0048

0.0295*

Altitude (m)

0.00005

0.0511

0.00005

0.0596

Minimum distance

to closest clinic (m)

3.0343

0.0000*

3.0455

0.0000*

Rural

Reference

–

Reference

–

Urban

1.3042

0.0000*

1.3039

0.0000*

Central East

Reference

–

Reference

–

Central West Zone

0.1277

0.0000*

0.1230

0.0000*

Northern Zone

– 0.5821

0.0000*

– 0.5623

0.0000*

South East Zone

0.1089

0.0001*

0.1036

0.0002*

South West Zone

0.0487

0.1132

  

CHAM

Reference

–

Reference

–

Government

0.2592

0.0000*

0.2550

0.0000*

Private

– 1.8440

0.0000*

– 1.8412

0.0000*

Cumulative monthly

precipitation (mm)

  

– 0.0004

0.0117*

Maximum 5-day

precipitation for a

month (mm)

  

0.0005

0.1175

4-month lag monthly

total precipitation

(mm)

  

– 0.0002

0.3706

9-month lag monthly

total precipitation

(mm)

  

– 0.00006

0.7150

1-month lag monthly

5-day max (mm)

  

0.0006

0.0965

  1. \(M_0\) is the model without precipitation variables, whilst \(M_1\) includes monthly cumulative precipitation, five-day maximum cumulative precipitation, their interactions, and lagged terms of these variables. Starred p-values indicate significance at \(p < 0.05\). Categorical data was sourced from Malawi’s Harmonized Health Facility Assessment39, with precipitation indices calculated from the ERA5 reanalysis data29.
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