Fig. 1

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) for detecting HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), demonstrating good diagnostic accuracy with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.81 (95% CI 0.68–0.93, p-value < 0.001). The optimal cutoff score of ≤ 10 yielded a sensitivity of 84.2% and a specificity of 77.5%. The green diagonal line represents the reference line (line of no discrimination), and the blue curve indicates the IHDS performance based on the Frascati criteria as the state variable.