Fig. 2

Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for detecting HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND), demonstrating moderate diagnostic accuracy with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.71. An optimal cutoff score of ≤ 27 yielded a sensitivity of 83.9% and specificity of 57.1%. The green diagonal line represents the reference line (no discrimination), and the blue curve depicts MMSE performance using the Frascati criteria as the gold standard.