Table 1 Baseline clinical, lifestyle, and psychosocial characteristics.

Age, years [mean (SD)]

40.06 (9.69)

40.45 (11.74)

37.44 (11.24)

39.36 (10.8)

.22

Female, n (%)

15 (83.3)

19 (95)

14 (77.8)

48 (85.7)

.32

Marital status, n (%)

.72

Not married

12 (66.6)

14 (70)

10 (55.6)

36 (64.3)

Married

6 (33.3)

5 (25)

6 (33.3)

17 (30.4)

Divorced/widowed

0 (0)

1 (5)

2 (11.1)

3 (5.4)

Educational level, n (%)

< .05*

Secondary or below

8 (44.4)

6 (30)

2 (11.1)

16 (28.6)

Associate degree, diploma, or vocational training

5 (27.8)

0 (0)

2 (11.1)

7 (12.5)

Bachelor’s degree

4 (22.2)

12 (60)

11 (61.1)

27 (48.2)

Master’s degree or above

1 (5.6)

2 (10)

3 (16.7)

6 (10.7)

Number of children, n (%)

.60

0

15 (83.3)

15 (75)

15 (83.3)

45 (80.4)

1

2 (11.1)

2 (10)

3 (16.7)

7 (12.5)

≥ 2

1 (5.6)

3 (15)

0 (0)

4 (7.1)

Employment status, n (%)

.51

Full-time work/student

12 (66.7)

13 (65)

13 (72.2)

38 (67.9)

Part-time work

2 (11.1)

3 (15)

1 (5.6)

6 (10.7)

Unemployed

0 (0)

2 (10)

3 (16.7)

5 (8.9)

Retired or carer

4 (22.2)

2 (10)

1 (5.6)

7 (12.5)

Monthly income, n (%)

.85

≤HKD$ 5,000

5 (27.8)

5 (25)

4 (22.2)

14 (25)

HKD$ 5,001–10,000

3 (16.7)

3 (15)

1 (5.6)

7 (12.5)

HKD$ 10,001–20,000

3 (16.7)

5 (25)

4 (22.2)

12 (21.4)

HKD$ 20,001–30,000

2 (11.1)

3 (15)

6 (33.3)

11 (19.6)

HKD$ 30,001–50,000

3 (16.7)

2 (10)

3 (16.7)

8 (14.3)

HKD$ 50,001–70,000

2 (11.1)

1 (5)

0 (0)

3 (5.4)

HKD$ 70,001–90,000

0 (0)

1 (5)

0 (0)

0 (0)

> HKD$ 90,000

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (1.79)

Current antidepressant medication, n (%)

1 (11.1)

1 (10)

1 (5.6)

5 (8.93)

.99

PHQ-9 [median (IQR)]

9.5 (9.25)

10.5 (5.5)

11.5 (4.75)

11 (4.2)

.53

GAD7 [mean (SD)]

14.94 (4.52)

11.65 (4.99)

10.89 (4.34)

11.38 (4.7)

.67

ISI [mean (SD)]

11.56 (4.94)

11.7 (4.43)

13.56 (5.39)

13.34 (4.89)

.40

SDS [median (IQR)]

8.5 (13.25)

10 (10.5)

13 (9.75)

10 (12.5)

.32

WHOQOL-brief

Physical health [mean (SD)]

2.9 (0.46)

2.69 (0.39)

2.45 (0.4)

2.68 (0.45)

< .01**

Psychological health [mean (SD)]

2.73 (0.57)

2.55 (0.38)

2.62 (0.48)

2.63 (0.48)

.49

Social relationship [mean (SD)]

2.74 (0.82)

2.97 (0.52)

2.93 (0.8)

2.88 (0.71)

.44

Environmental health [mean (SD)]

3.13 (0.64)

2.88 (0.49)

2.97 (0.67)

2.99 (0.60)

.41

Quality of life [median (IQR)]

3 (1.5)

3 (0)

3 (1.75)

3 (1)

.87

General health [median (IQR)]

2 (1)

2 (0.25)

2 (1)

2 (1)

.26

HPLP-II

Total score [mean (SD)]

106.11 (15.85)

103.2 (16.92)

104.28 (22.64)

104.48 (18.34)

.77

Health responsibility [median (IQR)]

17(4)

15.5 (5.5)

17 (4.75)

17 (6)

.52

Physical activity [median (IQR)]

16.5 (7)

13 (4)

15.5 (4.75)

14.5 (5.25)

.08

Nutrition [mean (SD)]

19.72 (3.44)

20.5 (5.44)

20.28 (5.28)

20.18 (4.76)

.73

Spiritual growth [mean (SD)]

18.44 (4.67)

17.1 (3.77)

16.33 (5.44)

17.29 (4.64)

.17

Interpersonal relationship [mean (SD)]

18.78 (2.67)

20.3 (4.46)

18.61 (5.07)

19.27 (4.2)

.91

Stress management

15.5 (3.75)

14 (5)

15 (4.5)

15 (4.25)

.71

IPAQ

Total activity [median (IQR)]

1470 (3217.5)

933 (829.5)

1272 (840.5)

1222.5 (1110)

.20

Vigorous activity [median (IQR)]

720 (960)

0 (360)

400 (960)

400 (960)

.09

Moderate activity [median (IQR)]

160 (420)

0 (240)

160 (480)

120 (360)

.45

Walking [median (IQR)]

1386 (1798.5)

693 (478.5)

495 (330)

693 (990)

.18

CEQ

Credibility [mean (SD)]

19.17 (3.9)

16.45 (4.42)

17 (4.87)

17.50 (4.49)

.15

Expectancy [mean (SD)]

17.06 (3.98)

13.05 (3.19)

15.13 (4.25)

15.01 (4.09)

.16