Fig. 1 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 1

From: Automated assessment of periapical health based on the radiographic periapical index using YOLOv8, YOLOv11, and YOLOv12 one-stage object detection algorithms

Fig. 1

(a) assigned PAI scores, (b) manual annotation on Roboflow using the bounding box tool, (c) Geometric augmentation of the training dataset through altering pixel location, (d) Application of the mosaic pattern. Note that the increased brightness of boxes in (d) reflects the visualization overlay and is not an image-intensity augmentation.

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