Fig. 1

Map and bathymetry of the Svalbard Archipelago. Red circle indicates the S1 mooring location off Southwest Svalbard. Red box indicates where the 200 km x 200 km area where the biogeochemical data were downloaded from the Copernicus Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Analysis and Forecast. Figure made in RStudio (v. 2025.5.1.513)57 with R (v. 4.5.1)58 using the packages “ggOceanMaps” (v. 2.2.0)59, “ggplot2” (v. 3.5.2)60, “sf” (v. 1.0–21)61,62, and “ggspatial” (v. 1.1.10)63.