Table 4 Logistic regression analysis showing oral health care, smoking habits, and self-reported oral manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 patients during the Omicron outbreak (N = 1053).

Dry mouth

Other respiratory system diseases

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

3.660 (1.152–11.626)

0.028*

3.291 (1.385–7.818)

0.007*

Hypertension

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

3.172 (1.355–7.423)

0.008*

3.612 (1.120–11.651)

0.032*

SHS exposure

 Smoker

Ref

Ref

Smoking inside home

1.128 (0.796–1.601)

0.498

1.136 (0.796–1.622)

0.482

 Vaping inside home

1.520 (0.566–4.081)

0.406

1.586 (0.588–4.283)

0.363

 Smoking at workplace

0.975 (0.683–1.392)

0.889

1.006 (0.699–1.449)

0.973

 Vaping at workplace

1.613 (0.926–2.810)

0.092

1.667 (0.951–2.921)

0.074

 No exposure

0.662 (0.442–0.991)

0.045*

0.697 (0.462–1.054)

0.087

Frequency of dental floss

 Hardly

Ref

Ref

 Two or three times a week

1.285 (0.839–1.967)

0.249

1.387 (0.979–1.965)

0.066

 Once daily

1.849 (1.156–2.958)

0.010*

0.793 (0.533–1.180)

0.253

 Twice or more times daily

1.008 (0.609–1.668)

0.976

0.774 (0.502–1.193)

0.245

Mouthwash

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.493 (1.033–2.159)

0.033*

1.442 (0.987–2.107)

0.058

Halitosis

Psychological diseases

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

9.608 (1.579–58.474)

0.014*

3.013 (1.024–8.866)

0.045*

Obesity

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

3.524 (1.287–9.647)

0.014*

5.164 (0.528–50.513)

0.158

Smoking status

 Never smoker

Ref

Ref

 Current smoker

2.433 (1.278–4.634)

0.007*

0.854 (0.046–15.962)

0.916

 Former smoker

1.383 (0.318–6.019)

0.665

0.314 (0.016–6.194)

0.446

Types of smoking

 Non-smoking

Ref

Ref

 Cigarette

1.707 (0.877–3.321)

0.115

2.159 (0.129–36.130)

0.592

 E-cigarette

8.389 (2.030–34.688)

0.003*

8.236 (1.312–51.695)

0.024*

 Others

1.676 (0.118–23.750)

0.703

1.442 (0.100–20.790)

0.788

Previous history of oral diseases

 Neither

Ref

Ref

 Both

4.229 (0.871–20.530)

0.074

3.600 (0.721–17.983)

0.119

 Only periodontal diseases

2.312 (1.143–4.677)

0.020*

2.330 (1.143–4.750)

0.020*

 Only oral mucosal diseases

7.048 (2.946–16.859)

0.000*

6.419 (2.542–16.209)

0.000*

 Not known

1.357 (0.743–2.476)

0.320

1.248 (0.674–2.312)

0.481

Oral ulcers

Education level

 High school or below

Ref

Ref

 Bachelor’s degree

0.584 (0.337–1.011)

0.055

0.658 (0.352–1.228)

0.189

 Master’s degree or above

0.211 (0.049–0.905)

0.036*

0.244 (0.054–1.112)

0.068

Psychological diseases

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

12.306 (1.970–73.524)

0.007*

4.811 (0.370–62.507)

0.230

Diabetes

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

9.018 (1.617–50.310)

0.012*

8.721 (1.425–53.395)

0.019*

Thyroid diseases

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

5.537 (1.966–15.594)

0.001*

6.165 (1.827–20.799)

0.003*

Types of smoking

 Non-smoking

Ref

Ref

 Cigarette

1.709 (0.827–3.533)

0.148

0.473 (0.128–1.751)

0.262

 E-cigarette

8.345 (1.839–37.859)

0.006*

3.657 (0.452–29.575)

0.224

SHS exposure

 Smoker

Ref

Ref

 Smoking inside home

0.582 (0.300–1.132)

0.111

0.431 (0.143–1.300)

0.135

 Vaping inside home

2.718 (0.734–10.063)

0.134

2.371 (0.509–11.034)

0.271

 Smoking at workplace

0.405 (0.195–0.840)

0.015*

0.282 (0.096–0.832)

0.022*

 Vaping at workplace

1.205 (0.405–3.581)

0.738

1.407 (0.421–4.703)

0.579

 No exposure

0.350 (0.163–0.750)

0.007*

0.241 (0.068–0.853)

0.027*

Previous history of oral diseases

 Neither

Ref

Ref

 Both

3.161 (0.379–26.335)

0.287

2.449 (0.275–21.767)

0.422

 Only periodontal diseases

2.353 (0.984–5.625)

0.054

1.838 (0.727–4.643)

0.198

 Only oral mucosal diseases

24.835 (10.488–58.806)

0.000*

24.484 (9.707–61.755)

0.000*

 Not known

1.743 (0.850–3.576)

0.130

1.548 (0.728–3.290)

0.256

Dysgeusia

Marital status

 Single

Ref

–

–

 Married

1.344 (1.040–1.735)

0.024

–

–

 Divorced/widowed

2.256 (0.745–6.831)

0.150

–

–

Education level

 High school or below

Ref

Ref

 Bachelor’s degree

0.873 (0.663–1.151)

0.336

0.953 (0.710–1.279)

0.749

 Master’s degree or above

0.562 (0.352–0.896)

0.016*

0.654 (0.401–1.066)

0.088

Other respiratory system diseases

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

4.926 (1.326–18.306)

0.017*

3.990 (1.026–15.515)

0.046*

Hypertension

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

2.888 (1.201–6.947)

0.018*

2.519 (1.005–6.316)

0.049*

Obesity

 No

Ref

Ref

 Yes

2.646 (1.189–5.889)

0.017*

2.711 (1.175–6.254)

0.019*

SHS exposure

Smoker

Ref

Ref

 Smoking inside home

0.908 (0.654–1.260)

0.562

0.861 (0.612–1.209)

0.387

 Vaping inside home

1.090 (0.413–2.876)

0.861

1.214 (0.448–3.289)

0.704

 Smoking at workplace

0.753 (0.540–1.052)

0.097

0.747 (0.529–1.054)

0.097

 Vaping at workplace

1.012 (0.585–1.751)

0.965

1.109 (0.629–1.955)

0.721

 No exposure

0.441 (0.304–0.639)

0.000*

0.443 (0.301–0.651)

0.000*

Previous history of oral diseases

 Neither

Ref

Ref

 Both

0.690 (0.202–2.291)

0.534

0.442 (0.124–1.580)

0.209

 Only periodontal diseases

0.717 (0.484–1.061)

0.096

0.639 (0.425–0.960)

0.031*

 Only oral mucosal diseases

2.407 (1.190–4.869)

0.015*

2.150 (1.040–4.448)

0.039*

 Not known

0.660 (0.499–0.872)

0.003*

0.663 (0.496–0.886)

0.006*