Table 2 Protective efficacy of R. pollinaria extract in AlCl₃-mediated physiological toxicity.

Groups	Germination (%)	Root elongation(cm)	Initial weight (g)	Final weight (g)	Weight gain (g)
Control	100^a	7.74 ± 0.30^a	11.3 ± 0.53	17.7 ± 0.45	+ 6.40^a
RP 1	98^a	7.64 ± 0.35^a	11.2 ± 0.48	18.2 ± 0.49	+ 7.00^a
RP 2	99^a	7.82 ± 0.41^a	11.0 ± 0.50	17.9 ± 0.42	+ 6.90^a
Al	55^d	1.51 ± 0.28^d	11.0 ± 0.66	12.5 ± 0.42	+ 1.50^d
AlRP 1	66^c	3.15 ± 0.33^c	11.2 ± 0.47	14.1 ± 0.48	+ 2.90^c
AlRP 2	75^b	5.12 ± 0.35^b	11.4 ± 0.65	15.6 ± 0.49	+ 4.20^b

Control: Tap water, RP 1: 0.5 g L⁻¹ R. pollinaria extract, RP 2: 1.0 g L⁻¹ R. pollinaria extract, Al: 50 mg L⁻¹ AlCl₃, AlRP 1: 50 mg L⁻¹ AlCl₃ + 0.5 g L⁻¹ R. pollinaria extract, AlRP 2: 50 mg L⁻¹ AlCl₃ + 1.0 g L⁻¹ R. pollinaria extract. Germination was assessed using 50 bulbs (n = 50), while root elongation and weight gain analyses were conducted on 10 bulbs (n = 10) per treatment. Means denoted by different letters (^a−d) within the same column are statistically significant (p < 0.05).

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