Fig. 1

Gene expression dynamics of cell fusion-related genes in trophoblast tissue from preeclampsia and control pregnancies. Gene expression in placental tissues from preeclampsia (PE) patients (29–37 weeks) was compared with that of matched control placentas over the same gestational period. The gene expression data were plotted according to gestational week (left panel), and further divided into early-onset (EO) PE (29–33 weeks) and late-onset (LO) PE (34–37 weeks) groups for comparison using box plots (right panel). Box plots display the median (horizontal center line), interquartile range (box), mean values (×) and minimum/maximum values (whiskers). The numbers in parentheses indicate the sample sizes used for each group. Statistical significance was assessed using Mann-Whitney U tests. *p < 0.05;  **p < 0.01. n.s., not significant. (A) to (H) show the gene expression of various proteins involved in trophoblast function, including suppressyn, syncytin-1, ASCT2, hCGβ, syncytin-2, MFSD2, sFlt-1, and PlGF. The primers used for gene amplification are listed in Supplementary Table S3.