Fig. 3

Effects of different soil erosion and deposition treatments (S1–S5) on soil properties under unfertilized conditions. (A) Soil particle size distribution (physical indicator); (B) bulk density (BD, physical indicator); (C) soil pH (chemical indicator); (D) total soil porosity (TSP, physical indicator). S1 to S5 represent erosion depth of 20 cm (SE20), erosion depth of 10 cm (SE10), no erosion (SE0), surface accumulation of 10 cm (SA10), and surface accumulation of 20 cm (SA20), respectively, all under unfertilized conditions.