Fig. 2

Surgical procedure for left posterolateral thalamic hemorrhage. (A) Head CT showing left posterolateral thalamic hemorrhage. (B) Surgical path planning based on head CT and skin mark. (Skin marker location was decided based on preoperative CT reconstruction.) (C) Surgical incision 5 cm and bone window 2.5 cm x 3.0 cm. (D-F) Guide-wire drainage tube aspiration confirming position within hematoma cavity; 10–20 ml aspirated; sequential insertion of primary and secondary dilator sleeves; removal of drainage tube and primary sleeve. (G-H) Endoscopic hematoma evacuation; hemostatic material covering cavity post-evacuation. (I-J) Postoperative head CT showing satisfactory evacuation of left thalamic hematoma; 3D reconstruction showing left occipital keyhole approach.