Fig. 1

Schematic of duckweed leaf cell structure and chloroplast. Starting from the left side the figure shows the duckweed plant with leaf cells; a single leaf cell enlarged to observe the main cell constituents; the chloroplast enlarged to observe the thylakoidal architecture; and an example of thylakoid membranes stack with several important proteins: photosystem II complex in dark green, photosystem I complex in blue, ATP synthase in red and cytochrome b₆/f in orange³⁵. d is the repeat distance (also known as the film-to-film distance and center-to-center distance)^36,37. Note: the dimensions of the different features and the proteins density are not to scale.