Fig. 4 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 4

From: Biophysical and transcriptomic characterization of LL-37-derived antimicrobial peptide targeting multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and ESKAPE pathogens

Fig. 4

Antimicrobial efficacy of the peptide against various Escherichia coli strains. (A) Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) determined for laboratory E. coli K-12, uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain, following CLSI guidelines. Data are shown as mean ± SD from three independent biological replicates, with error bars indicating SD. (B) Time-kill assays showing bactericidal kinetics at four times the MIC concentration, with 90% bacterial reduction achieved within 2 h for all strains. Values represent mean CFU reduction rate ± SD from three independent replicates; error bars indicate SD. (C) Assessment of resistance development after 10 serial passages of each strain in sub-MIC peptide concentrations, indicating no significant increase in MIC and low potential for resistance emergence. MIC values are normalized to passage 1 baseline and presented as mean ± SD from three independent replicates, with error bars indicating SD.

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