Fig. 5 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 5

From: Biophysical and transcriptomic characterization of LL-37-derived antimicrobial peptide targeting multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and ESKAPE pathogens

Fig. 5

Safety and immunomodulatory assessment of the peptide in human cell models. (A) Cell viability of Caco-2 epithelial and THP-1 monocytic cells after 6-h peptide exposure, measured by MTT assay, demonstrating high viability at concentrations up to 25 µM. Values expressed as % relative to untreated controls and shown as mean ± SD from three independent experiments, with error bars indicating SD. (B) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay indicating minimal membrane disruption at peptide concentrations up to 25 µM, with moderate cytotoxicity observed at 50 µM. Values normalized to 0.1% Triton X-100 (100% release) and presented as mean ± SD from three replicates, with error bars indicating SD. (C) Dose-dependent reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in THP-1 macrophage-like cells, measured by ELISA, suggesting potential anti-inflammatory activity of the peptide. Cytokine levels normalized to LPS-stimulated controls; data shown as mean ± SD from three independent experiments with error bars indicating SD. Statistical significance assessed by one-way ANOVA test (p < 0.01).

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