Table 2 Contributions of the proposed framework versus existing systems.
Feature | Proposed framework | Existing systems | Novelty & impact |
|---|---|---|---|
Validation model | Role-based validation by MVIs with jurisdiction-specific thresholds | Global/static validators | ⎫ Localized regulatory compliance ⎫ Eliminates single points of failure |
Incentive mechanism | Token rewards (fuel/insurance discounts) for compliance + penalties via smart contracts | No incentives | ⎫ Resolves misalignment in PUCC systems ⎫ Encourages honest participation |
Scalability approach | Smartphones as edge nodes + Consortium blockchain | Centralized clouds or monolithic chains | ⎫ Achieves 679 Mbps throughput (4–7× higher) ⎫ Enables city-wide deployment |
Predictive intervention | XGBoost forecasting on blockchain-verified emission data | Threshold-based reactive alerts | ⎫ 97.98% prediction accuracy (+ 4.9% vs. cloud) ⎫ Enables proactive maintenance |
