Fig. 1

Global UV radiation trends and spatial distribution: median (1940–2023), mean (1940–2023), and annual change rate (1990–2021). (A) Global median UV radiation from 1940 to 2023 with LOESS smoothing. (B) Global mean UV radiation from 1940 to 2023 with LOESS smoothing. (C) Global UV radiation annual change rate from 1990 to 2021.