Table 2 Land equivalent ratio under different systems.

From: Light simulation and yield assessment of lettuce cultivated under agrivoltaic systems in Northern Thailand

Parameters

Systems

GH

AVS

Solar Farm

1. Lettuce yield (g plant−1)

61.1a

42.2a

0

2. Lettuce yield (kg ha−1 year−1)

97,760a−d

67,520a−d

0

3. Lettuce income (USD ha−1 year−1)c,d

296,213

204,586

0

4. Energy income (USD ha−1 year−1)

0

46,538c, e

108,588c, f

5. Total income (USD ha−1 year−1)

296,212

251,124

108,588

6. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)

1.00

1.12

1.00

  1. a Data taken from experiment under the GH and AVS systems, with values of 61.1 and 42.2 g plant−1, respectively.
  2. b The spacing between plants is 25 cm and the total numbers of lettuce in 1 m2 is 16 plants (160,000 plants ha−1), with ten cropping cycles per year.
  3. c 1 USD = 33 Thai Baht.
  4. d Average lettuce price = 3.03 USD kg−1 based on local market prices in Thailand36.
  5. e AVS: Energy revenue is calculated with a system efficient loss of 15% and electricity price of 0.10 USD37 kWh−1, with five sunlight hours per day and PVs were covered 30% of the areas.
  6. f Solar Farm: Energy revenue is calculated with a system efficient loss of 15% and electricity price of 0.10 USD37 kWh−1, with five sunlight hours per day and PVs were covered 60% of the areas.