Fig. 2

Local Spatial Clusters of TB Incidence Identified by LISA Analysis, Greater Accra Region. Each 1.5 km2 grip cell was classified based on Local Moran’s I analysis of crude TB incidence. High-high clusters indicate cells with higher-than-expected incidence surrounded by similarly high-incidence neighbors. Low-Low clusters indicate cells with lower-than-expected incidence surrounded by low-incidence neighbors. High-Low outliers represent high-incidence cells surrounded by low-incidence neighbors. Low–High outliers represent low-incidence cells surrounded by high-incidence neighbors. Clusters were defined using a first-order queen contiguity spatial weights matrix. Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05 based on 999 random permutations. Non-significant cells are shown in white.