Table 1 Surface roughness parameters at different GO loading on the PVDF membranes obtained from AFM images.

From: Enhancement of PVDF membranes using graphene oxide nanoparticles and polyvinyl alcohol for water purification applications

Membrane

Root mean square roughness (RMS) (nm)

Mean roughness (Sa) (nm)

Pure PVDF

1.35

1.08

PVDF/GO(0.1wt%)

4.46

3.56

PVDF/GO(0.3wt%)

88.83

70.89

PVDF/GO(0.5wt%)

144.42

115.25

  1. Ra = Sa = RMS × 0.798 (nm).
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