Table 1 Characteristics of included studies1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48.
Study | Year | Year of study | Country | HBV prevalence | Population | Sample size | Age (year) | HBcAb+ (%) | Detection method/LoD | Sample type | Risk of bias | OBI in HBcAb + Group (n/N) | OBI in HBcAb- Group (n/N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zervou et al. | 2001 | 1995–1997 | Greece | 1.8% | Blood donor | 282 | NA | 14.9% | Others, - | blood | High | 0 (0%[0/282]) | - |
Hui et al. | 2005 | 2002–2004 | Hong Kong | 6.4% | HSC donor | 124 | 37 | 75.8% | Nested PCR, 10copies/ml | blood | Low | 16 (17%[16/94] | 3 (10%[3/30]) |
Banerjee et al. | 2007 | 2001–2005 | India | 2.5% | Blood donor | 289 | 33.7 | NA | Nested PCR, - | blood | Low | 60 (20.8%[60/289]) | - |
Chevrier et al. | 2007 | 2004–2005 | Canada | 0.6% | Blood donor | 1143 | NA | 0.53% | qPCR, - | blood | Medium | 12(1.0%[12/1143]) | - |
Kim et al. | 2007 | 2004 | Korea | 2.4% | General population | 195 | 54(15–94) | 51% | Nested PCR, 30copies/ml | blood | Low | 16 (16%[16/99]) | 15 (16%[15/96]) |
Manzini et al. | 2007 | 2005 | Italy | 0.6% | Blood donor | 288 | 44.4 ± 9.8 | 4.8% | Commercial assay, 4.9IU/ml | blood | Medium | 14 (4.9%[14/288]) | - |
Kupski et al. | 2008 | 2003–2005 | Brazil | 0.4% | Blood donor | 241 | NA | NA | Others, 103copies/ml | blood | Medium | 0 (0%[0/241]) | - |
Fang et al. | 2009 | 2004–2008 | China | 6.1% | Healthy population | 359 | 39(15–82) | 11.7% | Nested PCR, 10copies/ml | blood | Medium | 14 (33.3%[14/42]) | 24 (7.6%[24/317]) |
Song et al. | 2009 | 2008 | Korea | 2.4% | General population | 1047 | 42(14–72) | 36.9% | Commercial assay, - | blood | Low | 2 (0.52%[2/386] | 5 (0.76%[5/661]) |
Arababadi et al. | 2010 | - | Iran | 1.7% | Blood donor | 352 | 38 | 9.5% | Others, - | blood | High | 57 (16.1%[57/352]) | - |
Panigrahi et al. | 2010 | 2008–2009 | India | 2.5% | Blood donor | 220 | 33.3 ± 9.9 | 30.1% | qPCR, 102copies/ml | blood | Low | 66 (30%[66/220]) | - |
Seo et al. | 2011 | 2008 | Korea | 2.4% | Blood donor | 1676 | 24(18–64) | 13.5% | Commercial assay, 20IU/ml | blood | Low | 2 (0.12%[2/1676]) | - |
Shim et al. | 2011 | - | Korea | 2.4% | Health worker | 40 | 45.7 ± 8.2 | 2.3% | Commercial assay, 300copies/ml | blood | Low | 0 (0%[0/40]) | 0 (0%[0/294]) |
Maheswari et al. | 2012 | 2008–2009 | India | 2.5% | Blood donor | 820 | NA | 9.2% | qPCR, - | blood | Medium | 2 (0.24%[2/820]) | - |
Su et al. | 2012 | 2006–2008 | Taiwan | 9.4% | Healthy population | 51 | NA | 3.5% | Commercial assay, 6IU/ml | blood | Medium | 0 (0%[0/51]) | - |
Mahmoud et al. | 2013 | 2011–2012 | Sudan | 5.3% | Blood donor | 42 | 25–39 | 42% | qPCR, - | blood | Medium | 38 (90%[38/42]) | - |
Romano et al. | 2013 | 2004–2005 | Italy | 0.6% | Blood donor | 2186 | NA | 8.3% | Commercial assay, 20IU/ml | blood | Low | 12 (0.55%[12/2186]) | - |
Said et al. | 2013 | - | Egypt | 1.0% | Blood donor | 302 | 29.2(20–47) | 14.2% | Commercial assay, 3.8IU/ml | blood | Low | 51 (16.9%[51/302]) | - |
Moresco et al. | 2014 | 2011–2012 | Brazil | 0.4% | Blood donor | 291 | NA | 22.2% | qPCR, 24IU/ml | blood | Medium | 8 (2.7%[8/291]) | - |
Muselmani et al. | 2014 | 2011 | Syria | 5.7% | Blood donor | 63 | NA | 10.32% | Commercial assay, - | blood | Medium | 5 (7.9%[5/63]) | - |
Rios-Ocampo et al. | 2014 | 2011 | Colombia | 0.3% | Blood donor | 302 | 39.7 ± 10.97 | 2.16% | Nested PCR, 50/500IU/ml | blood | Medium | 6 (1/98%[6/302]) | - |
Tandoi et al. | 2014 | 2010–2013 | Italy | 0.6% | General population | 70 | 57–81 | 50% | Commercial assay, 20IU/ml | blood | Low | 5 (10%[5/50] | 0 (0%[0/20]) |
Borzooy et al. | 2015 | - | Iran | 1.7% | Health worker | 120 | 38.1 | 14.2% | Commercial assay, - | blood | Medium | 0 (0%[0/17]) | 4 (3.9%[4/103]) |
Darmawan et al. | 2015 | 2012 | Indonesia | 6.8% | General population | 57 | 18–41 | 30% | Nested PCR, - | blood | Low | 9 (4.8%[9/57]) | - |
Hashemi et al. | 2015 | 2011–2012 | Iran | 1.7% | Health population | 80 | 32.65 ± 8.51 | 10% | Nested PCR, - | blood | High | 0 (0%[0/8]) | 0 (0%[0/72]) |
Ie et al. | 2015 | 2010 | Indonesia | 6.8% | General population | 317 | 17–25 | 31.5% | Nested PCR, 6IU/ml | blood | Low | 43 (43%([43/100]) | 6 (2.8%[6/217]) |
Kishk et al. | 2015 | - | Egypt | 1.0% | Blood donor | 44 | 32.9 ± 6.1 | 12.8% | qPCR, 100copies/ml | blood | Low | 10 (22.7%[10/44]) | - |
Zheng et al. | 2015 | 2012–2013 | China | 6.1% | Blood donor | 2028 | 18–25 | 21.4% | Commercial assay, 5IU/ml | blood | Low | 18 (4.2%[18/433]) | 6 (0.38%[6/1595]) |
Alshayea et al. | 2016 | 2011–2012 | Saudi Arabia | 1.6% | Blood donor | 198 | 40(17–63) | 2.3% | Commercial assay, 16IU/ml | blood | Medium | 17(8.6%[17/198]) | - |
Hudu et al. | 2016 | - | Malaysia | 0.9% | Blood donor | 1000 | NA | 55% | Nested PCR, 5copies/ul | blood | Low | 55 (100%[55/55]) | 0 (0%[0/945]) |
Karimi et al. | 2016 | 2013 | Iran | 1.7% | Blood donor | 2031 | 33.25 ± 10.1 | 4.9% | Commercial assay, 9IU/ml | blood | Low | 0 (0%[0/99] | 0 (0%[0/1932]) |
Sosa-Jurado et al. | 2016 | 2003–2009 | Mexico | 0.1% | Blood donor | 156 | NA | 1.19% | Nested PCR, 50copies/ml | blood | Medium | 27 (17.3%[27/156]) | - |
Jaramillo et al. | 2017 | 2010–2011 | Colombia | 0.3% | General population | 110 | 32 ± 8.3 | 23.8% | Nested PCR, - | blood | Low | 0(0%[0/110]) | - |
Ye et al. | 2017 | 2014 | China | 6.1% | Blood donor | 490 | NA | 47.4% | Nested PCR/qPCR, - | blood | Low | 14 (2.86%[14/490]) | - |
Athira et al. | 2018 | 2015–2016 | India | 2.5% | Blood donor | 156 | NA | 14.2% | Commercial assay, - | blood | Medium | 52 (33.3%[52/156]) | - |
Fopa et al. | 2019 | 2016–2017 | Cameroun | 6.8% | Blood donor | 522 | 18–65 | 48.7% | Commercial assay, 6IU/ml | blood | Low | 6 (1.1%[6/522]) | - |
Jacinto et al. | 2019 | 2017 | Spain | 0.6% | Tissue donor | 1530 | 64.5 ± 15 | 10% | Commercial assay, 15IU/ml | blood | Low | 24 (13.7%[24/175]) | 3 (0.22%[3/1355]) |
Ky/Ba et al. | 2021 | 2020 | Burkina Faso | 6.1% | Blood donor | 75 | 30.18 | 13% | qPCR, - | blood | Low | 2 (5.1%[2/39]) | 1 (2.8%[1/36]) |
Ye et al. | 2021 | - | China | 6.1% | Blood donor | 252 | 18–60 | 53.2% | qPCR/nested PCR, 2.3IU/ml | blood | Low | 17 (12.7%[17/134]) | 0 (0%[0/118]) |
Bahrami et al. | 2022 | 2018 | Iran | 1.7% | Blood donor | 384 | 34.47 ± 10.02 | 8.9% | qPCR/nested PCR, - | blood | High | 0 (0%[0/384]) | - |
Tung et al. | 2022 | 2021 | Germany | 0.3% | Blood donor | 623 | 33 | 39% | Nested PCR, 30copies/ml | blood | High | 2 (0.8%[2/242]) | 0 (0%[0/381]) |
Chen et al. | 2023 | 2018–2022 | China | 6.1% | General population | 164 | NA | 18.95% | Commercial PCR, 2.3IU/ml | blood | High | 3 (1.8%[3/164]) | - |
Athalye et al. | 2024 | 2014–2017 | India | 2.5% | Blood donor | 547 | NA | 23% | Commercial PCR,10IU/ml | blood | Medium | 16 (2.9%[16/547]) | - |
Mbencho et al. | 2024 | 2023 | Cameroon | 6.1% | Blood donor | 288 | 30(24–38) | 58% | Nested PCR/qPCR, 25IU/ml | blood | High | 4 (2.4%[4/167]) | 10 (8.2%[10/121]) |
Cheung et al. | 2010 | - | HongKong | 6.4% | Liver donor | 10 | NA | 50% | qPCR, 10copies/ml | Liver tissue | Low | 5 (100%[5/5]) | 0 (0%[0/5]) |
Tandoi et al. | 2014 | 2010–2012 | Italy | 0.6% | Liver donor | 70 | 57–81 | 50% | Nested PCR, 5IU/ml | Liver tissue | Low | 30 (60%[30/50]) | 0 (0%[0/20]) |
Rao et al. | 2014 | 2010–2012 | China | 6.1% | Liver donor | 30 | NA | 16% | qPCR, - | Liver tissue | Low | 7(43.8%[7/16]) | 0 (0%[0/14]) |
Caviglia et al. | 2018 | 2010–2016 | Italy | 0.6% | Liver donor | 118 | 68.2 | NA | Commercial PCR/Nested PCR/ddPCR, 9IU/ml | Liver tissue | Low | 52 (52%[52/100]) | 0 (0%[0/18]) |
