Table 3 Performance of PV power generation prediction models under different meteorological conditions.
Weather | Model | RMSE | MAE | SSE | nRMSE | nMAE | \(\:{\mathbf{R}}^{2}\) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sunny | GRU | 0.406 | 0.367 | 47.471 | 0.069 | 0.062 | 0.966 |
LSTM | 0.337 | 0.288 | 32.672 | 0.058 | 0.049 | 0.977 | |
Transformer | 0.239 | 0.161 | 16.384 | 0.041 | 0.027 | 0.988 | |
DLinear | 0.230 | 0.143 | 15.095 | 0.039 | 0.024 | 0.989 | |
CEEMDAN-LSTM | 0.220 | 0.141 | 13.832 | 0.037 | 0.024 | 0.987 | |
CEEMDAN-DispEn-LSTM | 0.198 | 0.109 | 11.321 | 0.034 | 0.019 | 0.991 | |
Cloudy | GRU | 0.731 | 0.698 | 153.700 | 0.158 | 0.151 | 0.116 |
LSTM | 0.599 | 0.551 | 103.290 | 0.130 | 0.120 | 0.406 | |
Transformer | 0.392 | 0.291 | 44.295 | 0.085 | 0.063 | 0.745 | |
DLinear | 0.355 | 0.200 | 36.364 | 0.077 | 0.043 | 0.800 | |
CEEMDAN-LSTM | 0.340 | 0.267 | 33.300 | 0.073 | 0.036 | 0.780 | |
CEEMDAN-DispEn-LSTM | 0.328 | 0.138 | 30.981 | 0.071 | 0.029 | 0.806 | |
Light rain turning to cloudy | GRU | 0.462 | 0.425 | 61.517 | 0.128 | 0.117 | 0.612 |
LSTM | 0.416 | 0.345 | 49.863 | 0.115 | 0.095 | 0.686 | |
Transformer | 0.277 | 0.160 | 22.141 | 0.077 | 0.044 | 0.860 | |
DLinear | 0.293 | 0.175 | 24.795 | 0.081 | 0.048 | 0.844 | |
CEEMDAN-LSTM | 0.274 | 0.145 | 21.676 | 0.076 | 0.040 | 0.863 | |
CEEMDAN-DispEn-LSTM | 0.264 | 0.115 | 20.088 | 0.073 | 0.031 | 0.873 | |
Moderate rain | GRU | 0.435 | 0.417 | 54.520 | 0.262 | 0.251 | -1.483 |
LSTM | 0.274 | 0.248 | 21.571 | 0.165 | 0.149 | 0.018 | |
Transformer | 0.153 | 0.137 | 6.711 | 0.092 | 0.083 | 0.694 | |
DLinear | 0.173 | 0.150 | 8.639 | 0.105 | 0.088 | 0.607 | |
CEEMDAN-LSTM | 0.117 | 0.080 | 3.904 | 0.070 | 0.048 | 0.822 | |
CEEMDAN-DispEn-LSTM | 0.100 | 0.050 | 2.879 | 0.070 | 0.030 | 0.869 |