Fig. 3

Binary class receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the original dataset before hyperparameter tuning. The performance of tuned binary classification models is displayed in the ROC curve (x-axis: false positive rate; y-axis: true positive rate across a range of classification threshold) (range 1.00–0.00). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) score is 0.9259.